![]() ![]() The earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by the "Topographical Bureau of the Army," formed during the War of 1812, which became the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1838. The term "topographic surveys" appears to be American in origin. The earliest scientific surveys in France were called the Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations. ĭetailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in the late eighteenth century) were called Ordnance Surveys, and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys and maps. In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. In classical literature this refers to writing about a place or places, what is now largely called ' local history'. The word comes from the Greek τόπος ( topos, "place") and -γραφία ( -graphia, "writing"). The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome, as the detailed description of a place. It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of cartographic relief depiction techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints, and relief shading. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form ( DEM). Topography in a narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms this is also known as geomorphometry. In the United States, topography often means specifically relief, even though the USGS topographic maps record not just elevation contours, but also roads, populated places, structures, land boundaries, and so on. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief, but also natural, artificial, and cultural features such as roads, land boundaries, and buildings. The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces. The letters curved and dipped with the contours of his chest.This false-color satellite image illustrates topography of the urban core of the New York metropolitan area, with Manhattan at its center.Stripped to the waist, the contours of their musculature were faintly graven with decades-old surgical scars. ![]() A topographical map shows the contours of the earth's surface.He spreads such figures, with great care for the contour which is echoed by supple and delicate inner detail.An architect planned for a house that follows the contours of the hillside.The seat is adjustable to fit the contours of your back.Maybe it is these that enable them to feel within their bodies the contours of the earth's magnetic forces.Man things were regular and patterned, and cut across the contours of the country and the flow of things.I used clay - I put my palm in clay to get the natural contours of my hand.Starting from my head, she smoothed the linen against my contours, asking for blessings from the protective spirits.Science in this sense came to stand as a meta-discourse, framed by the broader contours of the conjuncture.○○ noun 1 SHAPE the shape of the outer edges of something such as an area of land or someone’s body the contours of the hills the contours of her face 2 ( also contour line ) SG a line on a map that shows points that are of equal heights above sea level Examples from the Corpus contour.From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English contour con‧tour / ˈkɒntʊə $ ˈkɑːntʊr / ![]()
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